When reporting what someone said in the past, Italian requires you to shift tenses depending on the tense of the introductory verb (e.g., disse che - he said that). If the reporting verb is in the past, the verb in the indirect clause shifts back in time.
Key Rules & Tense Shifts
Present Indicative shifts to Imperfetto: "Studio" -> Disse che studiava. (He said that he was studying.)
Passato Prossimo / Passato Remoto shifts to Trapassato Prossimo: "Ho letto" -> Sostenne che aveva letto. (He maintained that he had read.) The Imperfetto stays unchanged: "Ero stanco" -> Disse che era stanco.
Futuro Semplice shifts to Condizionale Passato: "Arriverà" -> Promise che sarebbe arrivato. (He promised that he would arrive.)
Common Mistakes
Avoid keeping the original tense when the reporting verb is in the past! Do not say *disse che studia* when reporting a past statement.
Words
riferire
to report
Il giornalista deve riferire i fatti accuratamente.The journalist must report the facts accurately.
sostenere
to maintain / to claim
L'editore sostenne che la notizia era vera.The publisher maintained that the news was true.
affermare
to assert / to state
Il testimone affermò di aver visto tutto.The witness stated that he had seen everything.
dichiarare
to declare
Il ministro dichiarò che le tasse sarebbero aumentate.The minister declared that taxes would increase.
promettere
to promise
Promise che avrebbe pubblicato l'articolo.He promised that he would publish the article.
negare
to deny
Il politico negò di aver rilasciato quell'intervista.The politician denied having given that interview.
aggiungere
to add
Aggiunse che non c'erano ulteriori dettagli.He added that there were no further details.
spiegare
to explain
Spiegò che la situazione era complessa.He explained that the situation was complex.
confermare
to confirm
Confermò che la conferenza stampa era stata annullata.He confirmed that the press conference had been cancelled.